Siap menguasai hubungan sebab akibat dalam Bahasa Inggris? Artikel ini menyediakan latihan soal komprehensif untuk membantu Anda memahami dan menggunakan ekspresi cause and effect dengan benar. Dari soal pilihan ganda, isian singkat, hingga esai dan menjodohkan, kami membahas berbagai skenario penggunaan konjungsi seperti ‘because’, ‘due to’, ‘consequently’, ‘so’, dan banyak lagi. Tingkatkan kemampuan tata bahasa Inggris Anda dan persiapkan diri untuk ujian dengan koleksi soal yang dirancang untuk menguji pemahaman mendalam Anda. Pelajari cara membentuk kalimat sebab akibat yang efektif dan akurat, serta hindari kesalahan umum. Mulai latihan sekarang dan jadilah ahli dalam menghubungkan ide dengan logis!
Multiple Choice
1. He couldn’t come to the party _______ he was sick.
- due to
- as a result of
- because
- consequently
Answer: because
Explanation: ‘Because’ is used to introduce a clause that states the reason or cause for the main action.
2. _______ the heavy rain, the football match was cancelled.
- Because
- Since
- Due to
- So
Answer: Due to
Explanation: ‘Due to’ is a prepositional phrase used to introduce a noun or noun phrase that states the cause.
3. She studied hard for the exam; _______, she got a perfect score.
- because
- due to
- so
- therefore
Answer: therefore
Explanation: ‘Therefore’ is a conjunctive adverb used to show the result or effect of a preceding statement.
4. The road was icy, _______ we drove very carefully.
- due to
- because
- so
- as a result
Answer: so
Explanation: ‘So’ is a coordinating conjunction used to show the result or consequence of the first clause.
5. He failed the test _______ his lack of preparation.
- because
- since
- owing to
- consequently
Answer: owing to
Explanation: ‘Owing to’ is a prepositional phrase, similar to ‘due to’ and ‘because of’, followed by a noun or noun phrase.
6. _______ I was tired, I went to bed early.
- So
- As
- Therefore
- Due to
Answer: As
Explanation: ‘As’ can function as a subordinating conjunction, meaning ‘because’ or ‘since’, introducing a cause.
7. The flight was delayed _______ a technical problem.
- because
- since
- on account of
- so
Answer: on account of
Explanation: ‘On account of’ is a prepositional phrase meaning ‘because of’ or ‘due to’.
8. She practiced daily; _______, her performance improved significantly.
- because
- due to
- as a consequence
- for
Answer: as a consequence
Explanation: ‘As a consequence’ is a conjunctive adverbial phrase that indicates a result.
9. The company had to lay off workers _______ declining sales.
- since
- therefore
- because of
- so
Answer: because of
Explanation: ‘Because of’ is a prepositional phrase followed by a noun or noun phrase to state the reason.
10. He lost his job _______ he was often late.
- due to
- consequently
- because
- so that
Answer: because
Explanation: ‘Because’ introduces a clause explaining the reason.
11. The electricity went out _______ a strong storm.
- because
- since
- as a result of
- therefore
Answer: as a result of
Explanation: ‘As a result of’ is a prepositional phrase meaning ‘due to’ or ‘because of’.
12. _______ the early start time, many students arrived late.
- Because
- So
- Given
- Thus
Answer: Given
Explanation: ‘Given’ can act as a preposition or conjunction, meaning ‘considering’ or ‘because of’ when introducing a cause.
13. She has a terrible headache; _______, she cannot concentrate.
- due to
- because
- consequently
- so that
Answer: consequently
Explanation: ‘Consequently’ is a conjunctive adverb indicating a result or consequence.
14. He was unable to attend the meeting _______ an urgent family matter.
- because
- since
- owing to
- so
Answer: owing to
Explanation: ‘Owing to’ is a prepositional phrase, similar to ‘due to’ or ‘because of’.
15. The city implemented new traffic rules _______ reduce congestion.
- because
- so
- in order to
- as a result
Answer: in order to
Explanation: ‘In order to’ expresses purpose or reason, which is a type of cause-effect relationship.
16. _______ its high cost, the project was put on hold.
- Because
- So
- On account of
- Therefore
Answer: On account of
Explanation: ‘On account of’ is a prepositional phrase meaning ‘because of’ or ‘due to’.
17. The team lost the game _______ they made too many mistakes.
- due to
- so
- consequently
- because
Answer: because
Explanation: ‘Because’ introduces a clause explaining the reason for losing the game.
18. He missed the bus _______ he woke up late.
- therefore
- due to
- since
- as a result of
Answer: since
Explanation: ‘Since’ can be used as a subordinating conjunction, meaning ‘because’, to introduce a cause.
19. The global pandemic caused widespread economic disruption; _______, many businesses struggled.
- because
- owing to
- thus
- so that
Answer: thus
Explanation: ‘Thus’ is a conjunctive adverb used to introduce a result or consequence.
20. _______ the high demand, prices have increased.
- Because
- So
- Due to
- As
Answer: Due to
Explanation: ‘Due to’ is a prepositional phrase introducing a noun phrase as the cause.
Short Answer
1. Combine the following sentences using a cause-effect conjunction: ‘It rained heavily. The streets were flooded.’
Answer: It rained heavily, so the streets were flooded.
Explanation: The heavy rain is the cause, and the flooded streets are the effect. ‘So’ or ‘because’ are appropriate conjunctions to link these ideas.
2. Identify the cause and effect in the sentence: ‘Because she studied diligently, she passed the exam with flying colors.’
Answer: Cause: She studied diligently. Effect: She passed the exam with flying colors.
Explanation: The cause explains why something happened, and the effect is the result of that cause.
3. Rewrite the sentence using ‘due to’: ‘He was fired because he often came late to work.’
Answer: He was fired due to his frequent lateness to work.
Explanation: ‘Due to’ is followed by a noun or noun phrase. ‘His frequent lateness to work’ is the noun phrase derived from ‘he often came late to work’.
4. Complete the sentence with a suitable cause-effect conjunction: ‘The experiment failed _______ an error in calculation.’
Answer: The experiment failed because of an error in calculation.
Explanation: The blank requires a prepositional phrase (‘because of’, ‘due to’, ‘owing to’, ‘on account of’) that introduces a noun phrase as the cause.
5. Explain the difference between ‘because’ and ‘because of’ in terms of grammatical usage.
Answer: ‘Because’ is a subordinating conjunction that introduces a clause (subject + verb). Example: ‘She smiled because she was happy.’ ‘Because of’ is a prepositional phrase that introduces a noun or noun phrase. Example: ‘She smiled because of her happiness.’
Explanation: ‘Because’ is followed by a complete clause, while ‘because of’ is followed by a noun or noun phrase.
Essay
1. Explain the primary function of cause and effect relationships in English sentences. Provide at least two examples using different conjunctions.
Answer: The primary function of cause and effect relationships in English sentences is to connect ideas by showing why something happened (cause) and what the result was (effect). This helps to create logical flow and coherence in writing and speaking. It clarifies the relationship between actions, events, or situations. Example 1: ‘The factory closed down because the demand for its products decreased significantly.’ (Cause: decreased demand, Effect: factory closed) Example 2: ‘The student revised his notes thoroughly; consequently, he performed exceptionally well on the final exam.’ (Cause: thorough revision, Effect: exceptional performance)
Explanation: This question assesses the understanding of cause and effect concepts and the ability to provide accurate examples using different connecting words.
2. Describe how the choice of a specific cause-effect conjunction (e.g., ‘so’ vs. ‘due to’) can impact the formality and grammatical structure of a sentence.
Answer: The choice of a cause-effect conjunction significantly impacts both formality and grammatical structure. ‘So’ is a coordinating conjunction, often used in more informal contexts, connecting two independent clauses, where the second clause is the effect of the first (e.g., ‘It was raining, so I took an umbrella.’). It often implies a direct, immediate result. ‘Due to’ (and similar phrases like ‘owing to’, ‘because of’, ‘on account of’) is a prepositional phrase, followed by a noun or noun phrase, and is generally more formal. It indicates the reason for something (e.g., ‘Due to the rain, the event was cancelled.’). It cannot introduce a full clause with a subject and verb like ‘because’ or ‘since’.
Explanation: This question tests the nuanced understanding of formality and grammatical rules associated with different cause-effect expressions.
3. Construct a paragraph (minimum 5 sentences) describing a hypothetical scenario where a series of cause-and-effect events unfold. Use at least three different cause-effect connectors.
Answer: Last night, there was a sudden power outage across the neighborhood. Because of the severe storm, a tree fell onto the main power lines, causing a short circuit. Consequently, all the streetlights went dark, and houses lost electricity. As a result, many families had to find candles or flashlights. The lack of power meant that refrigerators stopped working, so perishable food items were at risk. Due to this unexpected event, the entire community experienced a temporary disruption.
Explanation: This question evaluates the ability to write coherently, apply various cause-effect connectors, and develop a logical sequence of events.
4. Analyze the following sentence: ‘Since the government implemented strict environmental regulations, air pollution levels have significantly dropped.’ Identify the cause and effect, and explain the role of ‘Since’ in this sentence.
Answer: In the sentence, the cause is ‘the government implemented strict environmental regulations,’ and the effect is ‘air pollution levels have significantly dropped.’ The word ‘Since’ acts as a subordinating conjunction introducing the cause (reason) for the subsequent effect. It indicates that the drop in air pollution is a direct consequence of the government’s action. ‘Since’ here functions similarly to ‘because’, explaining the reason or justification for the main clause.
Explanation: This question tests analytical skills, identifying cause/effect, and understanding the specific role of a given conjunction.
5. Discuss how understanding cause and effect relationships is crucial for effective communication, both in academic writing and daily conversations.
Answer: Understanding cause and effect relationships is crucial for effective communication as it allows us to present information logically, clearly, and persuasively. In academic writing, it’s essential for explaining phenomena, arguing points, and demonstrating logical connections between ideas. For instance, in an essay, one might argue that ‘increased carbon emissions lead to global warming,’ clearly stating a cause and its effect. Without this understanding, arguments can seem disjointed or baseless. In daily conversations, it helps us explain our decisions, predict outcomes, and understand others’ motivations. For example, saying ‘I’m tired because I didn’t sleep well’ is much clearer than just ‘I’m tired.’ It facilitates problem-solving, decision-making, and avoids misunderstandings by providing context and rationale.
Explanation: This question requires a broader discussion on the practical importance and application of cause and effect in various communication contexts.
Matching
1. Match the cause with its most likely effect.
| Heavy rain | Flooded streets |
| Eating too much junk food | Gaining weight |
| Studying diligently | Passing exams |
| Forgetting to set an alarm | Waking up late |
| High inflation | Increased prices |
Answer: See pairs for correct matches.
Explanation: This matching exercise tests the logical connection between common causes and their effects.
2. Match the cause-effect conjunction with its grammatical function/type.
| Because | Subordinating Conjunction (introduces a clause) |
| Due to | Prepositional Phrase (introduces a noun/noun phrase) |
| Consequently | Conjunctive Adverb (connects two independent clauses) |
| So | Coordinating Conjunction (connects two independent clauses) |
| As a result of | Prepositional Phrase (introduces a noun/noun phrase) |
Answer: See pairs for correct matches.
Explanation: This exercise focuses on understanding the grammatical classification of different cause-effect connectors.